The addition of a thixotropic agent such as Cab-o-Sil, maintains all powders in solution for more consistent application and improved 'painting' characteristics. The essential characteristic is that the flux will react with the porcelain and with oxides which are formed on the alloy during firing of the bonding agent, to produce a low solubility, highly tenacious, adherent intermediate layer of oxides to which porcelain will adhere during subsequent application and firing. The liquid flux is a low fusing 'flux' soluble in a vehicle such as glycerine or an alcohol. _ Proportional Preferred Constituent Range Composition _ Gold Powder (1.5 microns) 34.0-52.0 34.96 Hi-Life Body Porcelain 13.1-30.6 26.22 Zirconium Oxide (10 microns) 4.4-8.74 8.74 Liquid Flux Balance 30.08 _

In accordance with this invention an extremely effective bonding agent for achieving optimum bonding between a nonprecious dental alloy and porcelain is obtained from the following formulations which are painted onto the alloy in slurry form and fired to prepare the surface for bonding to procelain. An object of this invention is to provide an effective bonding agent of this type, and another object is to provide such an economical bonding agent of readily available materials. This agent must react with the porcelain and alloy during firing to produce a low solubility, highly tenacious, adherent intermediate layer of oxides on the metal to which the porcelain will tightly adhere after subsequent application and firing. An agent is required to achieve optimum bonding between the porcelain and the alloy. Nonprecious alloys which are highly effective for dental use are described in copending commonly assigned application for U.S. The fabrication strategies described herein offer a pathway to lower catalyst loading while achieving high efficiency and promising stability on a 3D electrode.Dental restorations often require fusion of porcelain to a dental alloy which must be resistant to tarnish, oxidation and corrosion in a human oral environment or, in other words, is biocompatible. This report demonstrates the high-performance achievable by CoP at low loadings which facilitates further cost reduction, an important part of enabling the large-scale commercialization of non-platinum group metal catalysts. The improved hydrophilicity, stemming from introduced oxyl groups on the carbon electrode, creates an electrode surface that yields a well-distributed growth of cobalt electrodeposits and thus a well-dispersed catalyst layer with high surface area upon phosphidation. It is found that a high O/C ratio induces a more hydrophilic surface directly impacting the morphology of the CoP catalyst. These nonprecious metal catalysts yield extraordinary performance as measured by low overpotentials (51 mV at −10 mA cm −2), unprecedented mass activities (>800 A g −1 at 100 mV overpotential), high turnover frequencies (6.96 H 2 s −1 at 100 mV overpotential), and high durability for a precious metal-free catalyst in acidic media. Highly active transition metal phosphides are prepared on carbon-based gas diffusion electrodes with low catalyst loadings by modifying the O/C ratio at the surface of the electrode. In this work, a methodology is demonstrated to engineer gas diffusion electrodes for nonprecious metal catalysts.

Arloy nonprecious high fusing metal